Pengertian
Direct speech (kalimat langsung)ialah kata-kata (kalimat) yang diucapkan langsung dari pembicaraan.
Indirect speech (kalimat tak langsung) ialah kalimat yang mengatakan/melaporkan kembali ucapan seseorang tanpa mengubah maksud atau isi perkataan si pembicara.
Sepanjang istilah ilmu bahasa , apa yang dikatakan seseorang dapat berupa :
1. Pernyataan (statement)
2. Perintah / permintaan (impertaif/request)
3. Pertanyaan (question)
Indirect Speech Statement (Pernyataan
Perhatikan ketentuan – ketentuan perubahan berikut ini :
1. Pernyataan langsung (direct speech) yang diubah menjadi pernyaataan tak langsung (indirect speech) tidak akan mengalami perubahan tense jika induk kalimatnya memakai bentuk :
- Present tense
- Present prefect tense
- Future tense
- Present tense
Contoh :
(DS) ali says, ‘I am student.’
(IS) ali says that he is a student
- Present prefect tense
Contoh :
(DS) ina has said.’I have taken a bath.’
(IS) ina has said she has taken a bath
- Future tense
Contoh :
(DS) she will tell me,’I am ready to come with you.’
(IS) she will tell me that she is ready to come with me.
2. Jika induk kalimat tak langsung (direct speech) dalam bentuk past tense , maka kalimat tak langsung (indirect speech) mengalami perubahan tense sebagai berikut:
- Present tense › she said, "It's cold.“
→ past tense › she said it was cold.
- Present continuous tense
› she said, "I'm teaching English online."
→ past continous tense
› she said she was teaching English online.
- Present prefect tense
› she said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
→ past prefect tense
› she said she had been on the web since 1999.
- Present prefect continous tense
› she said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
→ past perfect continous tense
› she said she had been teaching English for seven years.
- Past tense
› she said, "I taught English yesterday.“
→ past prefect tense
› she said she had taught English yesterday.
- Past continous tense
› she said, "I was teaching earlier."
→ past prefect continous tense
› she said she had been teaching earlier.
Demikian juga dengan keterangan waktu dan tempat akan berubah sebagai berikut :
- Now → than
- Today → that day
- Here → there
- This → that
- These → those
- ago → Before
- hence → thence
- hither → thither
- can → could
- will → would
- can → could
Indirect Imperative/Request
(perintah/permintaan)
Beberapa ketentuan untuk mengungkapkan suatu perintah / permohonan dalam kalimat tak langsung .
1. Menggunakan verb (kata kerja)bentuk I (to infinitive)
2. Tambahkan kata please untuk mengatakan permintaan yg lebih sopan.
3. Menggunakan not + to infinitive untuk perintah (command)/ larangan
4. Kata ganti berubah dalam diri orang pertama dan orang kedua menjadi orang ketiga.
contoh : I menjadi he or she
5. Sebuah kalimat perintah yang tidak langsung dalam penyampaian akan dihantarkan oleh kata seperti : told,ordered atau commanded : sedangkan yg bersifat permintaan akan dihantarkan oleh kata : asked.
Misalnya :
Command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
Direct : He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect :He ordered his servant to go away at once
Precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
Direct : She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect : He advised her son to study hard
Request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
Direct : He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect : He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
Entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
Direct : He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect : He begged his master to pardon him.
Prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Direct : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect : She forbade her daughter to go there
Indirec : She asked herdaughter not to go there.
Indirect speech questions (pertanyaan)
Di awali dengan kata tanya : who,what,when,where,etc
1. Kata tanya tetap dipakai dalam pertanyaan tak langsung
2. Susunan pertanyaan tak langsung menggunakan susunan kalimat pertanyaan (statement), bukan dalam kalimat tanya.
3. Perubahan tense mengikuti ketentuan seperti biasa , lihat pada inderect speech statement.
Contoh :
Direct : Ratna said to annis ,’ what are you doing ?’
Indirect : Ratna asked annis what she was doing
Pertanyaan tanpa menggunakan kata tanya:
1. Menggunakan if atau wheter dalam pertanyaan tidak langsung.
2. Susunan pertanyaan menggunakan susunan kalimat pertanyaan(statement).
Contoh :
Direct : He said to me, “Are you going away today?”
Indirect : He asked me whether I was going away that day.
Direct : He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect : He asked me if I could come along.
